Youth in Plural Cities, Multiculturalism and Citizenship: Policy Challenges and Opportunities

Yvonne Hébert

doi:10.14516/fde.2016.014.020.011

Autores/as

Yvonne Hébert University of Calgary. Canada Autor/a

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14516/fde.2016.014.020.011

Palabras clave:

youth, multiculturalism, citizenship, sense of community

Resumen

From a comparative focus on ethno-cultural minority youth in Australia, Canada and France, this synthesis addresses five issues: (1) youth’s view of themselves and their sense of community; (2) barriers to integration; (3) innovative governmental and community approaches to youth integration; (4) opportunities youth create for themselves; and (5) the impact of policy types and programmes. The Australian research draws a non-linear image of youth’s transitions, struggles and their community participation. The Canadian research focuses on transcultural processes of identification, school completion, racial and spatial attachments, and social networks of immigrant youth. The French research strains to hear young people’s voices, and struggles to find a way to cope legitimately with social cohesion in a country that does not recognize its inherent plurality. Thus, poverty, spatial segregation, economic disempowerment and political disenfranchisement of youth vary in their severity, sensitive to the multiculturalism and citizenship policy context

Referencias

Abowitz, K. K. (2002). Imagining citizenship: Cosmopolitanism or patriotism. Teachers College Press, August 12. http://www.tcrecord.org/Content.asp?ContentId=11008

Anisef, P., & Kilbride, K. M. (Eds.). (2003). Managing Two Worlds: The Experiences and Concerns of Immigrant Youth in Ontario. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press.

Anisef, P., Poteet, M., Anisef, D., Farr, G., Poirier, C., & Wang, H. (January 2007). Confronting Newcomer Youth in Canada: Alternative Models for a National Youth Host Program. Policy Matters, 29.

Arnett, J. J. (2004). Emerging Adulthood: The Winding Road from Late Teens through the Twenties. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Australian Government. (2009). Contribution to a Discussion Paper about the Integration of Ethno-cultural Youth in Australia. 10 pp.

Bannerji, H. (Ed.). (2000). The Dark Side of the Nation : Essays on Multiculturalism, Nationalism and Gender. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press.

Bélanger, A., & Caron Malenfant, É. (2005). Population Projections of Visible Minority Groups, Canada, Provinces, Regions, 2001-2017. Statistics Canada, Demography Group, Catalogue No. 91-541-XIE, 2005 (www.statscan.ca, www.lcc.bc.ca).

Bibby, R. W. (2001). Canada’s Teens : Today, Yesterday and Tomorrow. Toronto: Stoddart Publishing.

Blackman, Shane. (2005). Youth Subcultural Theory : A Critical Engagement with the Concept, its Origins and Politics, from the Chicago School to Postmodernism. Journal of Youth Studies, 8, 1-20.

Boisvert, Y., Hamel, J., & Molgat, M. (a vec la collaboration de Ellefsen, B.) (Dir.). (2002). Vivre la citoyenneté. Montréal: Liber.

Brinbaum, Y. (2004). L’immigration en France : concepts, mesure et enquêtes. In Thèmes Canadiens/ Canadian Issues (pp. 41-43). Été/Summer.

Brunsma, D. L., & Tockquemore, K. A. (2001). The new Color Complex: Appearances and Biracial Identity. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 1(3), 225-246.

Building Systemic Solutions to Educational Challenges Faced by Afghan Refugee Children and Youth, Year One – Report to the Vancouver Foundation, submitted by the Immigrant Services Society of CB, in partnership with the Burnaby School District, July 2005, 13 pp.

Bureau du Premier Ministre, France. L’égalité des chances 2006, 19 pp. La Charte de la diversité dans l’entreprise, 14 pp.

Bynner, J. J. (2005). Rethinking the Youth Phase of the Life-Course : The Case for Emerging Adulthood? Journal of Youth Studies, 8(4), 367-384.

Immigrant Services Society of BC. (2005). Building Systemic Solutions to Educational Challenges Faced by Afghan Refugee Children and Youth. Year One - Report to the Vancouver Foundation, submitted by the Immigrant Services Society of BC in partnership with the Burnaby School District, July, 13 pp.

Charland, Jean-Pierre. (2003). Les élèves, l’histoire et la citoyenneté. Enquête auprès d’élèves des régions de Montréal et de Toronto. Sainte-Foy, Les Presses de l’Université Laval, 333 p. Recension par Frenette, Yves (2005). Recherches sociographiques, 46(3), 579-580.

Côté, J. E., & Allahar, A. L. (2006). Critical Youth Studies : A Canadian Focus. Toronto: Pearson-Prentice Hall.

Dei, G. J. Sefa, & Calliste, A. (Eds.). (2000). Power. Knowledge and Anti-Racism Education: A Critical Reader. Fernwood Publishing, Halifax.

Dhanji, S. (2009). Welcome or Unwelcome?: Integration Issues and the Resettlement of Former Refugees from the Horn of Africa and Sudan in Metropolitan Melbourne (online). Australasian Review of African Studies, The, 30(2), 152-178. http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=286153207416332;res=IELNZC

Duff, C. (2003). Drugs and Youth Cultures: Is Australia Experiencing the «Normalization» of Adolescent Drug Use? Journal of Youth Studies, 6, 433-447.

Gauthier, M. (2001). The Social Construction of Youth in French Canadian Sociology, pp. in Madeleine Gauthier et Diane Pacom. In Spotlight on Canadian Youth Research (pp. 53-65). Les Éditions de IQRC/Les Presses de l’Université Laval.

Guo, Y., & Hébert, Y. (2014). Education Integration of Immigrant Children and Youth: Policy Ineffectiveness and Its Consequences for Learners and Society. In Kilbride, K. M. (Ed.), Immigrant Integration: Research Implications for Future Policy. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press Inc.

Guo, S. (2015). Difference, Deficiency, and Devaluation: Tracing the Roots of Non-Recognition of Foreign Credentials for Immigrant Professionals in Canada. Canadian Journal for the Study of Adult Education, 22(1), 37-52.

Gutman, A. (1994). Democracy in Education. Princeton University Press.

Gutman, A. (2004). Identity in Democracy. Princeton University Press.

Hébert, Y. (2014). Conclusion: A Reflection on Contemporary Understandings and Future Directions of Teacher Education in a Transnational World. In Bruno-Jofré, Rosa, & Scott Johnston, James (Eds.), Teacher Education in a Transnational World. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Hébert, Y. M., & Hartley, W. J. (2006a). Personalized Learning and Changing Conceptions of Childhood and Youth. In Miller, R., Istance, D., & Yahill, E. R. (Eds.), Personalising Education, Series: Schooling for Tomorrow (pp. 63-73). Paris: CERI, ,OECD.

Hébert, Y. M., & Hartley, W. J. (2006b). L’apprentissage personnalisé et les conceptions de l’enfance et de la jeunesse. In Miller, R., Instance, D., & Yahill, E. R. (Dirs.), Personaliser l’enseignement. Série : L’école de demain (pp. 71-82). Paris: CERI, OCDE.

Hébert, Y., & Lee, W. J. (2006). The Meaning of Being Canadian: A Comparison between Youth of Immigrant and Canadian Origins. Canadian Journal of Education, 29(2), 497-520.

Hébert, Y. & Murji, R. (2006). Collectivized Identity among Shi’a Imami Isma’ili Muslims of Calgary. Espace, Populations, Sociétés, 1, 107-119.

Hébert, Y. (2002a). Youth, Identity, Diversity and Education: Building Capacity for Research and Policy. Canadian Diversity/Diversité Canadienne, 1, 20-24.

Hébert, Y. (2002b). Identity, diversity and education: A critical review of the literature, Canadian Ethnic Studies /Études ethniques au Canada, 33(3), 155-185.

Henry, F., Tator, C., Mattis, W., & Rees, T. (2006). The Colour of Democracy: Racism in Canadian Society. Toronto: Harcourt Brace & Co.

Hoerder, D., Hébert, Y., & Schmitt, I. (Eds.). (2006). Negotiating Transcultural Lives: Belongings and Social Capital among Youth in Comparative Perspective. Toronto: U Toronto Press.

Hollands, R. (2001). (Re)presenting Canadian Youth: Challenge or Opportunity? In Gauthier, Madeleine, & Pacom, Diane, Spotlight on Canadian Youth Research (pp. 97-133). Les Éditions de l’IQRC/Presse de l’Université Laval.

Howe, R. B., & Covell, K. (2001). Empowering Children: Children’s Rights Education as a Pathway to Citizenship. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Howe, P. (2003). Electoral Participation and the Knowledge Deficit. Insight, 5(2), 20-25.

Hudon, R., & Fournier, B. (2003). À quel âge est-on prêt à voter? La participation des jeunes à la vie collective, Perspectives électorales, 5(2), 36-41.

Immigrant Services of British Columbia, Canada. (No Date). Multicultural Youth Circle Program. 2 pp.

Immigrant Services Society of BC. (n.d.). Building Systemic Solutions to Educational Challenges Faced by Afghan Refugee Children and Youth, year One – Report to the Vancouver Foundation, in partnership with the Burnaby School District, July 2005, 13 pp.

Inglis, C., & Model, S. (2007). Diversity and Mobility in Australia. In Heath, A. F., & Cheung, S. Y., with Smith, Shawna N. (Eds.), Unequal Chances: Ethnic Minorities in Western Labour Markets. (Proceedings of the British Academy, Volume 137) (pp. 45-101). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Isin, E. F., & K. Wood., P. (1999). Citizenship and Identity. London, UK: Sage.

Jover, G., & Reyero, D. (2000). Images of the Other in Childhood: Researching the Limits of Cultural Diversity in Education from the Styandpoint of New Anthropological Methodologies. Encounters on Education, 1, 127-152.

Kilbride, K. (Ed.). (2014). Immigrant Integration: Research Implications for Future Policy. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press Inc.

Klein, N. (2000). No Logo: Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies. Toronto: Knopf.

Lagrée, J. Charles. (2000). Les jeunes dans uns société multiculturelle. Agora Debats Jeunesses, 22, 9-13.

LaViolette, N., & Audet, J. (2014). L’essentiel du droit de la famille dans les provinces et territoires de common law au Canada. Montréal: Éditions Yvon Blais.

Lee, J. Wen-shya, & Hébert, Y. (2006). The Meaning of Being Canadian: A Comparison between Youth of Immigrant and Canadian Origins. Canadian Journal of Education, 29(2), 497-520.

Lévesque, S. (2003). Becoming citizens: High school Students and Citizenship in British Columbia and Québec. Encounters in Education, 4, 107-126.

Li, P. (2003). Deconstructing Canada’s Discourse of Immigrant Integration. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 4(3), 315-333. http://link.springer.com/journal/12134/4/3/page/1

Lyon, W. (1997). Defining Ethnicity: Another Way of Being British. In Modood, T., & Werbner, P. The Politics of Multiculturalism in the New Europe: Racism, Identity and Community (pp. 186-205). London: Zed Books.

Marshall, T. H. (1965). Citizenship and Social Class. In Marshal, T. H. Class, Citizenship and Social Development. 2nd ed. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.

Milner, H. (2002). Civic Literacy: How Informed Citizens Make Democracy Work. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.

Mizen, P. (2002). Putting the Politics Back into Youth Studies: Keynesianism, Monetarism and the Changing State of Youth. J. Youth Studies, 1, 5-20.

Schwartz, S., Côté, J. E., & Arnett, J. J. Identity and Agency. In Emerging Adulthood: Two Developmental Routes in the Individualization Process.

Sears, A., & Herriot, L. The Place of Religion in Education for Citizenship and Social Justice. Draft for The Palgrave International Handbook of Education for Citizenship and Social Justice, 28pp.

O’Neill, B. (2003). Examining Declining Electoral Turnout among Canada’s Youth. Insights, 5(2), 15-19.

Ontario Terrorism. (2006). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Ontario_terrorism_plot

Pain, R. (2001). Gender, Race, Age and Fear in the City. Urban Studies, 38, 899-913.

Pammett, Jon H., & LeDuc, L. (2003). Confronting the Problem of Declining Voter Turnout among Youth. Insights, 5(2), 3-8.

Perreault, M., & Bibeau, G. (2003). La Gang: Une Chimère à Apprivoiser. Marginalité et transnationalité chez les jeunes Québécois d’origine afro-antillaise. Montréal: Editions du Boréal.

Popkewitz, T. S., & Fendler, L. (Eds.). (1999). Critical Theories: Changing Terrains of Knowledge and Politics. New York/London: Routledge.

Postman, Neil N. (1982). The Disappearance of Childhood. New York: Delacorte Press.

Quéniart, A., & Jacques, J. (2004). Apolitiques, les jeunes femmes? Regards sur les formes et le sens de leur engagement. Montréal: Éditions du Remue-ménage.

RBC Financial Group. (2005). The Diversity Advantage: A Case for Canada’s 21st Century Economy. Presented at the 10th International Metropolis Conference, Toronto, October 20, 2005 (www.rbc.com).

Rielè, Kitty te. (2004). Youth Transition in Australia: Challenging Assumptions of Linearity and choice. Journal of Youth Studies, 7(3), 243-257.

Rooke, P., & Schnell, R. (1983). Discarding the Asylum. In Rooke, P., & Schnell, R. From Child Rescue to the Welfare State in English-Canada, 1800-1950. University Press of America, Lanham, MD.

Samad, Y. (1997). The Plural Guises of Multiculturalism: Conceptualising a Fragmented Paradigm. In Modood, T., & Werbner, P. (Eds.), The Politics of Multiculturalism in the New Europe (pp. 240-260). London: ZED Books.

Scott, C. (2013). Transition of Newcomer Youth in Ontario Educational Policies: A Critical Discourse Analysis. (M. Ed. Thesis). UWO. http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3184&context=etd

Sears, Alan, & Herriot, Lindsay (2015). The Place of Religion for Citizenship and Social Justice. Intended for the Palgrave International Handbook of Education for Citizenship and Social Justice. Draft, 28pp.

Simon, Patrick. (1999). Nationality and Origins in French Statistics: Ambiguous Categories. In Population: An English Selection, 1/1, as cited in A. Escafré-Dublet, p. 3.

Smith, N., Lister, R., & Cox, L. (2005). Young People as Real Citizens: Towards an Inclusionary Understanding of Citizenship. Journal of Youth Studies, 8(4), 425-443.

Taylor, Charles M. (1994). Multiculturalism: Examining the politics of recognition, introductory essay. In Gutmann, A. (Ed.), Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition. Princeton (expanded publication). Princeton: U Princeton Press.

Toronto 18: Key events in the case - Canada - CBC News www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto-18-key-events-in-the-case-1.715266; Jun 4, 2008 - A courtroom evidence photo from the Toronto 18 case, released on Oct. ... was accused of a plot to create explosions at various Canadian sites.

UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989). http://wéww.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/crc.pdf

Van Wyck, Sheila, & Donaldson, Ian. (2006). Challenges to Diversity: Canada in International Perspective, a thematic article for discussion purposes only, Policy Research Group, Department of Canadian Heritage, Ottawa, 37 pp.

Vancouver Foundation. (2006). Concept Paper – for discussion (6 pp.)

Verhellen, E. (2000). Children’s Rights and Education. In Osler, A. (Ed.), Citizenship and Democracy in Schools: Diversity, Identity Equality (pp. 33-43). UK and Sterling, USA: Trentham Books, Stoke on Trent.

Vromen, Ariadne. (2003). Traversing time and gender: Australian young people’s participation, Journal of Youth Studies, 3, 277-294.

Wayland, S. V. (2006). Unsettled: Legal and Policy Barriers for Newcomers to Canada, Community Foundations of Canada and the Law Commission of Canada. (www.cfc-fcc.ca www.lcc.bc.ca).

Wilkinson, Lori. (2002). Factors Influencing the Academic Success of Refuge Youth in Canada, Journal of Youth Studies, 5(2), 183-193.

Yon, Daniel A. (2000). Elusive Culture: Schooling, Race, and Identity in Global Times. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Youth and Society, 37, 201-229.