Integration of Artificial Intelligence into the TPACK Model: Transforming Teaching in the Digital Age

Abstract

This study examines the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into the TPACK (Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge) model through the validation and reliability analysis of an instrument called TPACK-AI. A quantitative design was used with a sample of 407 university teachers from Mexico, Colombia, and Chile. The results indicate the instrument’s high internal consistency (McDonald's ω = 0.938, Cronbach's α = 0.937) and reveal perceptual differences of TPACK dimensions among the institutions. Pedagogical knowledge (PK) was the highest-rated dimension. Factor analysis identified two main components: one associated with pedagogical and technological competencies and another related to content integration with technology. AI was highlighted as an enhancer of TPACK by optimizing personalized learning, educational data analysis, and automation of pedagogical processes. The correlations suggest an interdependence among pedagogical, technological, and content knowledge. It is concluded that the TPACK-AI proposal represents an evolution of the traditional framework, integrating AI as a catalyst for innovative teaching based on emerging technologies in higher education.